These cases of resistance involve insecticides in at least 7 chemical classes based on the insecticide resistance action committee irac. Western flower thrips resistance to insecticides usda ars. Western flower thrips develop insecticide resistance in. The western flower thrips is the most efficient vector of tomato spotted wilt virus. Because supplemental applications of insecticide in addition to seed treatments are sometimes required, alternative management tactics are needed to address this unsustainable path which will likely lead to an increased environmental impact and reduced economic. Success 480 sc insecticide should be used in an ipm program and in rotation with other management strategies. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. Development of a bioassay system for monitoring susceptibility in.
Since resistance development in arthropods is an evolutionary process and cannot be ceased, it is vital to follow recommended practices in delaying selection for insecticide resistance. Citrus thrips has a history of rapidly developing resistance to chemicals that are used repeatedly and frequently for its control. After range finding tests, concentrations of insecticides were chosen to give at least two estimates of mortality above and below the expected lc50. Insecticide resistance status in uk brassica crops. New chemistries are needed to help maintain insecticide susceptibility in western flower thrips populations. Some thrips species present in new zealand are major pests overseas, but of little consequence locally. All of these factors, however, may depend on the systemic insecticide and the associated water solubility, because systemic insecticides with greater water solubility may accumulate in flower parts at concentrations.
Success ful thrips management requires a combination of good cultural practices to min imize risk of colonization, a good scouting and pest monitoring program to keep track of population changes, and welltimed insecticide. Shown below are the irac approved test methods which have been validated by irac member companies and collaborators to ensure that they provide reliable and reproducible data. In order to avoid resistance and keep thrips population under check, pest management professionals should emphasize. The challenges in insecticide resistance and its management are exemplified by the situation with the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. Thrips tabaci is a key pest of onions, especially in the pacific northwestern usa. Developing host plant resistance for thrips in cotton to.
Insecticide resistance management strategies against the. Management strategies for western flower thrips and the. Perspective insecticide resistance management strategies. Abstract insecticide resistance continues to be one of the most important issues facing agricultural production. Pesticide resistance can have a negative impact on integrated pest management programmes with chemical control as one of the components. Western flower thrips reproduce quickly and in high numbers, but the overuse of pesticides can lead to resistance.
Centre for biological information technology, the university of queensland. This virus is one of about twenty known species of tospoviruses pappu et al. Systemic insecticides may not provide fast knockdown to prevent thrips damage to flowers when abundant populations are present. To develop an insecticide resistance management program for onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman thysanoptera. Thripidae resistance to insecticides in coastal california greenhouses article pdf available in journal of economic entomology 851. Thrips insecticide resistance management and prevention. Insecticide resistance in australian populations of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera.
Resistance to insecticides from different chemical classes is common in wft populations, 415 even in those not specifically used for thrips control. Control of thrips with systemic insecticides greenhouse. Thrips feeding is usually accompanied by black varnishlike flecks of frass excrement. The interactions between insecticide resistance in insect vector and the transmission of plant pathogen, however, are largely unknown. Evaluation of thrip resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides. An educational program to enhance adoption of integrated pest management ipm was begun, and the use of spinosyn insecticides was temporarily suspended in palm. To combat insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, several. Pdf to develop an insecticide resistance management program for onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman thysanoptera. The challenges in insecticide resistance and its management are exempli. Cote, indiana department of agriculture and eric r. Thripidae is a serious pest on a wide range of crops throughout the world. A system is described for collecting adult and larva of thrips tabaci from onion foliage into insecticidetreated vials to evaluate susceptibility to insecticides. Adult thrips are small, paleyellow insects occasionally black with elongated bodies, and fringed wings.
Interactions between insecticide uptake and neonicotinoid resistant thrips. Insecticide resistance in field and laboratory strains of. Insecticide resistance management strategies against the western. Western flower thrips induce direct damage by feeding on leaves and flowers and also cause indirect damage by vectoring certain tospoviruses including impatiens necrotic. Pdf insecticide resistance in onion thrips thrips tabaci. New survey shows high level and widespread resistance of. Alternative cultural control and plant resistance tactics are the best options to control thrips and to avoid the development of resistance. George kennedy, department of entomology, north carolina state university. Insecticide resistance in onion thrips 101 of each insecticide were used in an assay. Thrips also feed on flower tissue, which causes marginal necrosis of petals and petal browning.
Thrips, order thysanoptera, are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings. Thrips also pose a serious threat to crops by virus transmission. Western flower thrips wft are the most important insect pest. Pergande, arrived in spain in 19861 and has become one of the major insect pests of. Employ alternative cultural control and plant resistance tactics in ipm programs as the best option to control thrips and avoid insecticide resistance development. Onion thrips from onion allium cepa crops were tested for resistance to four insecticides deltamethrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, and endosulfan following reports of failure of insecticides to control onion thrips in the field. I was employed at the present department of crop protection, dias to work on methods to detect insecticide resistance in thrips and aphids. When compared with the umca reference strain, resistance ratios from lc 90 s br 90 at 24 h ranged from 10. Ring spots from tomato spotted wilt virus infection of pepper. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, has developed resistance to many of the insecticide resistance action committee irac chemical classes.
Department of entomology, cornell universitynysaes, geneva, new york 14456, usa abstract. Insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips. Managing thrips in pepper and eggplant 2 mellinger 2009, weiss et al. Ohp thrips cocktail 2019 edition thrips, including flower and foliage thrips, are difficult to control pests. Their life cycle consists of an egg, nymph, prepupa, pupa and an adult. A significant concern with this new product is that it will be one of the most effective thrips control. Summary this publication by the insecticide resistance action group irag summarises the resistance status of pest. Neonicotinoid insecticides there are 33 total slides. Onion thrips from onion allium cepa crops were tested for resistance to four insecticides deltamethrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, and endosulfan following reports of failure of insecticides to. Insecticide resistance is prevalent in many western flower thrips populations worldwide and, as noted above, the extensive use of insecticides over the years has led to certain western flower thrips populations developing resistance to insecticides in seven chemical classes including organophosphate e. Thrips are major pests of peanut arachis hypogaea l. Consider the following strategies when developing an insecticide resistance management plan. A tremendous effort has been devoted to developing peanut cultivars with resistance to orthotospoviruses. You need to be aware of the development of insecticide resistance in.
Larentzaki department of entomology, cornell university, new york state agricultural experiment station, 630 w. Insecticide resistance is a common issue in pest management. Browse our database of pests for information on biology, distribution, insecticide resistance status and available resource on irac and thirdparty websites. I r m patterns of insecticide resistance in onion thrips. Several decades of pesticide use in agriculture has resulted in populations of insect pests that have developed resistance to certain groups of pesticides. Metabolomics of thrips resistance in pepper capsicum spp. The first record of resistance occurred in palm beach county in 2008. Concentrations of insecticides used for an insecticide varied between. Insecticide resistance management against thrips thysanoptera.
The availability of standard, validated and easytorun methods for resistance detection in the worlds major insect pests is crucial for successful monitoring of resistance problems. Insecticide resistance and resistance management patterns of insecticide resistance in onion thrips thysanoptera. Pesticide resistance can have a negative impact on integrated pest management programmes with chemical control as. However, due to the intensive selection pressure associated with insecticide applications, western flower thrips populations have developed resistance to a broad range of insecticides in different. Rotate chemical classes, although this does not guarantee against the development of insecticide resistance. Insecticide resistance an overview sciencedirect topics. The development of resistance in florida of the western flower thrips to field rates of the spinosyn insecticides irac group 5 is a tremendous concern. Resistance and western flower thrips there are 153 documented cases of insecticide resistance associated with western flower thrips populations worldwide. Usdacsrees regional integrated pest management centers pdf. This insecticideresistant strains of western flower thrips that originated in california is thought to then have spread around the world in association with the globalization of the cut flower and horticulture industries bonarriva, 2003. Pdf western flower thrips resistance to insecticides. Pdf insecticide resistance in australian populations of.
Insecticide resistance management strategies against the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis. Consequently, cultivars with moderate field resistance to viruses exist, but not. Insecticide resistance increases the vector competence. Resistance to neonicotinoid 4a insecticides also is reported. Western flower thrips populations are regularly monitored for resistance in different crops and regions of florida. Senior research scientist, biosecurity nsw, menangle. Epidemics of tomato spotted wilt virus occur frequently in. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, from 5 commercial greenhouses were resistant to diazinon, methomyl, bendiocarb, and cypermetluin, except in 2 tests with bendiocarb. Get one year of greenhouse product news in both print and digital editions for free. There is also a need to explore use patterns of insecticides that.
New survey shows high level and widespread resistance. Insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, frankliniella. Western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis. Understanding the interaction between insecticide resistance and concentration of insecticide in the plant can be challenging when diagnosing a problem in the field since it changes over time and environment soil, weather, moisture, etc. Perspective insecticide resistance management strategies against the western. They feed by puncturing the epidermal outer layer of host tissue and sucking out the cell contents, which results in stippling, discolored flecking, or silvering of the leaf surface. Pesticide resistance in onion thrips nsw department of. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, are one of the mostdestructive insect pests of greenhousegrown horticultural crops worldwide due to the direct and indirect damage they cause to plants. Pdf patterns of insecticide resistance in onion thrips. Pdf onion thrips from onion allium cepa crops were tested for resistance to four insecticides deltamethrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, and. Insecticide resistance has not been documented in populations of tobacco thrips. The challenges in insecticide resistance and its management are exemplified by the situation with the western flower thrips frankliniella.
Insecticide resistance in onion thrips thrips tabaci thysanoptera. How quickly insecticide resistance develops depends on many factors including the type of insecticide used, how often it is used and how capable the insect is in detoxifying the insecticide. For example, resistance to dimethoate and formetanate hydrochloride carzol has developed in a number of citrus thrips populations in the san joaquin and coachella valleys. Insecticide resistance in onion thrips thrips tabaci. Another important tactic to improve pesticide efficacy in thrips control on onion, prevent or slow down insect resistance to insecticides is the use. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, is the most efficient vector for tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus tswv, a devastating plant pathogen.
One common question asked by greenhouse producers is associated with the effectiveness of systemic insecticides against the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis. Insecticide resistance is a worldwide problem in green peach aphid devonshire et al. Several insecticide applications should be made at 5day intervals to significantly reduce thrips infestations. Insecticide resistance continues to be one of the most important issues facing agricultural production.